Rhodesian Politics in the 20th Century UDI and the Drive Towards Freedom free essay sample

Examination of Rhodesias one-sided statement of freedom under the administration of Ian Smith. This paper manages Rhodesian (advanced Zimbabwe) legislative issues in the twentieth century, explicitly that of the Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) and its philosophy. Issues, for example, the job of ZANU, Cecil Rhodes and the British intrusion, and the last one hundred years of Rhodesian history are thought of, especially concentrating on the countrys drive towards autonomy. Cecil Rhodes showdown with the Ndebele clan, African opposition gatherings and their job in battling for opportunity, and Rhodesias long history of British collusion are completely talked about as subjects that help to answer the creators proposal. The primary inquiry the creator attempts to answer is: Was Ian Smiths government acting in sincere goal while proclaiming illicit freedom from Britain? The way to opportunity and improvement in cutting edge Africa has been a long battle for the mainlands countries. We will compose a custom paper test on Rhodesian Politics in the twentieth Century: UDI and the Drive Towards Freedom or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Political dealings, fierce uprisings, and hostile to European freedom developments were totally utilized by various African nations at different occasions, contingent upon how troublesome accomplishing autonomy would be. For countries like Tanganyika, autonomy was acquired through less feverish methods; as this countrys essential patriot development (Tanganyika African National Union), drove by Julius Nyere, won a conclusive greater part in the 1958 British parliamentary political decision. TANUs triumph combined with the help they got from a few incredible white-pioneer legislators brought about freedom for this country, at last built around a reasonable and non-racial constitution.

Draft Essay Shiloh outline, body & Introduction of paragraph

Draft Shiloh plot, body and Introduction of passage - Essay Example To Leroy, he recognized that â€Å"the genuine inward activities of a marriage, as the vast majority of history, have gotten away him† (Mason 1). To Norma Jean, the visit to this authentic spot caused her to understand that there are still a great deal of things that she doesn't acknowledge with Leroy’s remaining at home. The brief and sudden shouting of Norma Jean’s goal to leave Leroy caused him to understand that there are such a significant number of things he despite everything doesn't think about Norma Jean. Recorded spots mix wistfulness where past occasions could frequent guests like upset apparitions. In the short story composed by Bobbie Ann Mason entitled â€Å"Shiloh†, the creator portrayed the occasions that happened between the principle characters, Leroy Moffitt and Norma Jean. When Leroy, a truck driver, met a mishap which made him weakened to continue his work, Norma Jean was accounted for to have changed in manners that was seen to be absolutely new to Leroy. Norma Jean’s mother, Mabel Beasley, who irregularly visits them in their home, had been arguing for them to go to Shiloh, Tennessee to visit the Civil War battleground (Mason). The visit to Shiloh gave the force to disclosures and acknowledge in both Leroy and Norma Jean’s life through encountering nostalgic minutes, as far as anyone knows actuated by Norma Jean’s mother; and the need to look all the more carefully into their lives as a wedded

Top 10 Tips for Communicating With Us No. 2 Dont create duplicate applications COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Top 10 Tips for Communicating With Us No. 2 Dont create duplicate applications COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Updated: March 2016 This is the second entry in our “Top 10? list for you to consider when communicating with the Office of Admissions  and applying. Number 2 â€" Dont create duplicate applications It is bound to happen, you create an online application and somewhere along the line you are going to lose your username or password. Please do not follow the temptation to simply create a new application. Having multiple applications in the system can lead to problems with tracking documents. Our software provider has tools that will allow you to retrieve your username and password so do not create another account because you forgot your password. As an example of what can happen, perhaps you have one “active” application in the system and one that is “hibernating” (you lost the user name or password) and will never be used. Our office does not know which is the “real” application and this may lead to our office tracking different documents to different applications and therefore neither of the applications may reach complete status. Please contact technical support (see instructions on the application site) if you lose your username or password and do not succumb to the temptation to create a new application. There is one important footnote. In some cases SIPA does allow for applications to more than one program. In this case, applicants will want to create more than one application in the online system and inform our office that they are applying to two different programs by sending an email to sipa_admission@columbia.edu. Here are some important details. In examples 2 and 3 below, the same application system is used, but two separate applications must be created. An applicant may not apply to both the MIA and MPA program. An applicant may apply to either the MIA or the MPA and to any of the following programs: PEPM, PESP, MPA-DP, EMPA. Applicants can also apply to either the MIA or MPA and to any one of the international dual degree programs listed here: an MPA with the London School of Economics, an MPA with Sciences Po, an MPP with Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, an MPP with the Hertie School of Governance, and an MIA or MPA with FGV-EAESP in São Paolo. The dual degree MIA program with Sciences Po requires that an application be submitted only through the Sciences Po application site. If an applicant wishes to apply for the dual MIA degree with Sciences Po and to SIPA, that is fine and would require two applications: 1) one for the dual degree program through the Sciences Po Web site 2) One for the stand alone program at SIPA through our online system. For details on all of our international dual degree programs, visit our international dual-degree page. If any of this sounds confusing, I do not blame you â€" it can be a bit complex. If you have questions about our international dual degree programs our Office of Student Affairs can assist you at sipa_osa@columbia.edu. If applying to a Columbia University dual degree program, you must submit separate applications to each school. For a list of Columbia dual-degree programs click here. It is possible to create two applications in our system, but you should only do so if you are absolutely sure. This is one of those circumstances where it might make the most sense to contact our office if you do not feel you understand all of the details. You can reach us at sipa_admission@columbia.edu.

Hip Injury And Ulnar Collateral Ligament Essay - 909 Words

Introduction Hip injury and ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) injuries among baseball players has become a high area in study (Cheatham, S. W., Kumagai Shimamura, K., Kolber, M. J., 2016). Athletes in the field of baseball may be at high risk for injury due to the high volume of repetitive motion in throwing and pitching because of comprehensive training schedules and games in the season. It is commonly believed that the presence of limited hip mobility, throwing biomechanics are changed and may lead to both hip and shoulder alteration. With both hip and shoulder mobility affected can result compromising throwing form in biomechanics and may force the core muscles (abdominals, shoulders, and upper extremities) to compromising and work even harder. More importantly, the range of motion (ROM) maybe conceding excessively which results increasing potential risk of future injuries. The individual’s biomechanics in pitching or throwing must be monitor for muscular-endurance, strength, or power fo r speed and numbers of repetition when contributing towards velocity. Studying a player’s mechanics especially their genetics of length and size plays a major role on the changes in their body and correlates the throwing velocity in fine coordination. Every pitch thrown is one of the most important factors in a baseball or softball game because the velocity can change the outcome of the game. Statement of the Problem Various exercise modes are used for baseball players throughout theShow MoreRelatedWhat Are Athletic Training?1401 Words   |  6 Pages02 10 15 Athletic Training Injuries will occur, no matter the sport. The type of injury to occur depends on the gender of the player. Often, when players become injured, they are in denial about the repercussions of their injury and usually have a loss in confidence. Repercussions can tragically be career ending, long term or luckily short term. Understanding the injury and it’s impact on a player is important, however, knowing how to prevent the injury is more important. Because of theirRead MoreTommy John Surgery771 Words   |  4 Pages 31 October 2012 Ms. ......... ENC 1101 Tommy John Surgery Snap, crackle, and pop. Those arent the sound of rice crispies in milk; it’s the sound a pitcher hears after tearing his ulnar collateral ligament. This injury used to be career ending but is now almost standard. This has saved countless dreams for many baseball players of not just playing baseball but to have complete function of their right arm. Today, sports fans and athletes hear theRead MoreTommy John Surgery : An Epidemic Of Professional Baseball Pitchers1427 Words   |  6 Pagessurgery, as well as recovery from the surgery to allow a player to return or even eclipse their abilities prior to their injury. Current/ongoing research on Tommy John surgery is focusing on the success of different surgical methods, rehabilitation techniques, and prevention/protection of Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injury. Tommy John surgery is also known as UCL (Ulnar Collateral Ligament) reconstruction. During the acceleration phase of an overhead throw while the forearm lags behind the upper arm theRead MoreStride or No Stride? the Biomechanics of Pitching. Essay1310 Words   |  6 Pagesfocus in order to have an accurate pitch. The cocking portion of the delivery is when the front foot lands and the throwing hand and glove hand separates. The hands and arms are elevated to 90 degrees at the shoulder. Once the front foot lands, the hips and torso rotate which starts the arm to begin in its throwing motion. Cocking transfers energy from the legs up to the arm and the throwing process is beginning. The acceleration is from when the shoulder begins to rotate and it ends when the ballRead MoreHuman Anatomy P hysiology4151 Words   |  17 Pagesrole of ligaments at synovial joints is to help direct movement and restrict undesirable movement. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 253 7) The only movement allowed between the first two cervical vertebrae is flexion. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 256 4 Copyright  © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 8) Movement at the hip joint does not have as wide a range of motion as at the shoulder joint. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 266 9) A person who has been diagnosed with a sprained ankle has an injury to the

Questions On Gender And Psychology - 1343 Words

Student No. : 8598886 Subject : PYB 054 Gender and Psychology Tutor : Ron Frey Due date : 11/05/16 Word count : Abstract It has been believed for decades that women generally tend to be more emotionally expressive than men. However, do this gender difference really exist between men and women? Many studies have found that this indeed is the case, however studies have also found that men can be more emotional than women too, depending on the type of emotion expressed. However, one emotion that women generally are thought to express more than men is sadness. The most common way seen to express sadness is by crying. There are numerous factors that can account for this difference in expressiveness however, this article will discuss what appears to be two of the most significant causation, which is biological and environmental, more specifically, the difference seen from an evolutionary perspective and a stereotypical perspective. The effect and significance of this difference will also be addressed and whether this difference should be annulled. Numerous studies on this topic of gender difference of emoti onal expression has been researched, with many of them concluding that women are indeed generally more emotional than men. However, there is also evidence that not all women are likely to be more emotional than men and that not all men are likely to be less emotional than women.Show MoreRelatedA Study Conducted By Anthony Venning And Associates1097 Words   |  5 Pages2015). A study conducted by Anthony Venning and associates suggested that an alarmingly small proportion of young Australians were ‘flourishing’ in life and that poorer states of mental health were associated with risk taking behaviour, varying by gender and age (Venning, Wilson, Kettler Eliott, 2012). Furthermore, suicide has been recorded as the leading underlying cause of death in Australians ages 15-24, accounting for more deaths than car accidents between the years 2009 and 2012 (Aihw.gov.auRead MoreReflection Paper On Psychology Of Women1334 Words   |  6 PagesRunning Head: SELF-REFLECTION 1 Self-Reflection: Psychology of Women Critical Thinking Paper 1 Hillary Cohen University of Maryland SELF-REFLECTION 2 My name is Hillary Cohen and I identify as a Jewish straight American woman. I grew up in a Conservative community surrounded by people who were a little more and a little less religious than I was. While growing up, my parents always made sure to let me and my sisters know that we could do anythingRead MoreHow Cartoon Violence Effect The Youth As An Audience?853 Words   |  4 Pages12-4-15 Three-Part Research Project Part I: Research Question: How does cartoon violence effect the youth as an audience? Work Cited Coyne, Sarah M., and Emily Whitehead. Indirect Aggression In Animated Disney Films. Journal Of Communication 58.2 (2008): 382-395. Film Television Literature Index. Web. 27 Oct. 2015. Kirsh, Steven J., and Paul V. Olczak. Violent Comic Books And Perceptions Of Ambiguous Provocation Situations. Media Psychology 2.1 (2000): 47-62. Film Television Literature IndexRead MorePsychology Unit Two Notes : Research Methods1263 Words   |  6 PagesValentina Hernandez Mrs.Long AP Psychology P.1 August 21, 2016 AP Psychology Unit Two Notes – Research Methods 1. Although intuition plays a role on what we believe to be true, it can not always be trusted. Hindsight bias and overconfidence are part of this intuition that is unreliable. Hindsight bias is when someone believes that they knew the outcome of something all along only after learning the outcome. Overconfidence is when someone thinks they know more than they really do. An example ofRead MoreJoe Marelli. Psy 230 ¬Ã‚ ¬ - Spring 2017 - Paper Assignment,1004 Words   |  5 PagesMenstruation on Attitudes Towards Women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 26, 131–139. Research Question. This article sought to explore the societal relationship between women’s natural attachment to nature (by way of their reproductive characteristics) and its effect on not only others perception of them, but also the individual’s self-perception. The main hypothesis proposed in this study is directional. Furthermore, it questions if when either gender is prompted by something that reminds themRead MoreThe Personality Theories Of Sigmund Freud And Alfred Adler999 Words   |  4 Pagesof the major principles of personality theories to include lifespan personality changes, gender and culture. The last section will be a personal opinion, why and conclusion of the theories how it can be conceptualized regarding my own family situation. History Over the years every time you hear the Sigmund Freud you will hear Alfred Adler. Freud and Adler are two of the big contributors in today psychology world. They set the foundation for future generations of psychologist studies. Freud wasRead MoreThe Negative Stereotypes Of A Child s Interaction With Barbie855 Words   |  4 Pageson many other similar areas of interest. It also helped to further understand how a Barbie could possibly influence a negative stereotypical gender belief, aid in unrealistic body image development, and help keep girls oppressed. I was happily surprised with the outcome, but still pessimistic about the chances of their actions matching their words. I question if the parents will truly give a valid effort to change their child’s interaction with Barbie. It is unwise for me not think that some of theRead MoreStanley Milgram1172 Words   |  5 PagesIndividual Programmatic Assessment: Exploring a Classic Study in Social Psychology Daryl Bonelli Psych/620 January 25th, 2016 Colleen Story Individual Programmatic Assessment: Exploring a Classic Study in Social Psychology Introduction Norman Chomsky once wrote â€Å"I think it only makes sense to seek out and identify structures of authority, hierarchy, and domination in every aspect of life, and to challenge them; unless a justification for them can be given, they are illegitimate, andRead MoreHow Men and Women Are Perceived According to Their Gender844 Words   |  3 PagesIn todays western world societal differences occur based on ones gender and have been shaped over hundreds of years and have shown what is deemed acceptable for one gender is not always acceptable for the other. Our society is based on a gender social structure and what is appropriate for an individual. Promiscuous behavior and active sexual expression ranges from whats expected of an individual and can change based on their gender, age and socio-economic status. The evolutionary theories explainRead MoreThai Culture and My Career Choice to Study Gender-Based Stereotypes1035 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"What do you want to be when you grow u p?† This may be a typical parent-to-child question for many families, but not for mine. Growing up in Thai culture, I have noticed a common role of women in my society. Most of my female family members are housewives and that is what I’m expected to be when I grow up as well. But I had bigger aspirations than that – I wanted to find a profession in which I, as a Thai woman, can gain respect and appreciation of people in my culture just as men can, and also gain

Neighbourhood watch research study Free Essays

Aim of study: Lethbridge, a small suburb has implemented a small neighborhood watch program. The study aims at examining the impact of the program on volumes of complaints about victimization, fear of crime, and deviant behavior or unsociable acts such as graffiti or disorderly behavior that cause annoyance in the local neighborhood Scope of Research study: The research study on Neighborhood watch will proceed along the following steps. Prompt attention to problems of the study. We will write a custom essay sample on Neighbourhood watch research study or any similar topic only for you Order Now Personal contact with community leaders and police executives involved in study Data collection by survey, observation, inspection and examination Informal interviews with local residents Drafting questionnaire and schedules Pre-testing questionnaires and schedules Examination of results of pre-tests to detect and eliminate inconsistencies Drafting revised final questionnaires Outlining field interviews Analyzing collected data Drafting of final report Source of research design: This research design has been inspired by the Design used by Samuel Stouffer in his studies of the American Soldier. It is a routine design, which is at once practical for applied research as well as rigorous to scientific prescription. Progress of research- The problem under research was identified- whether the Neighborhood watch program has led to a decline in complaints of victimization and fear of crime, unsocial acts and suspicious behavior that may cause annoyance or alarm to the local residents. A systematic analysis of the problems involved study of crime figures and public perceptions of the sense of security before and after commencement of the program, evaluating the extent and application of community mobilization and sensitization, checking of documentation relating to actual implementation, assessment of the quality of collaboration among local residents and the integration of the beat police into the program. Neighborhood watch being one of the acknowledged strategies in community policing, the study would also consider if crime prevention and other objectives of the program could have been better achieved if neighborhood watch was combined with other strategies commonly adopted in the community policing paradigm. To make the study academically meaningful and empirically sound, community leaders and beat officers were interviewed to elicit important information like public perception of the sense of security in the local neighborhood and to collect figures of reported crime as well as victimization before and after program, extent of community participation, nature of crime prevention strategies such as target hardening by means of physical measures as well as by community mobilization to promote social cohesion, the employment of other location specific tactics if any etc Collection of Data on the fear of crime including a) complaints on crime, suspicious activities reported, deviant behavior b) Any Increase/decrease in complaints over a period d) No of people enrolled neighborhood watch scheme e) Partnerships with other resident associations Informal interview with people concerned- Interview with citizens will unfold information on the motivation, efficacy and success of the Neighborhood watch program. Particular emphasis on whether collaborative efforts to promote safety in the neighborhood has lead also to a sense of ownership of the neighborhood by all individual residents and the creation of a community of interests despite the heterogeneous nature of the community.   Also how community mobilization and cooperative crime prevention efforts promote social cohesion, which in turn brings about understanding local problems that ultimately lead to crime. A Questionnaire and Schedule can be designed and distributed in each target home. It will contain questions on fear of crime, the level of security enjoyed by them, on their awareness of psychological or other criminogenic factors that contribute to crime, deviance or antisocial tendencies among the young, shared values on the objectives and methodology of community crime prevention, perceptions on problems that confront the Neighboutrhood Watch program, any areas that need reform and community evaluation of the success of the program A pre-testing drive of questionnaires and schedules can be undertaken. The results of the Pretest can be examined and scrutinized to check for inconsistencies or errors. A thoroughly revised and final questionnaire can be devised and distributed. Results of field interviews may be outlined. Collected Data maybe analyzed. A final report is presented. The results should indicate positive impact of Neighborhood watch programs on reducing crime and the fear of crime in this area. Theoretical background of the Study: a) Effective crime prevention is achieved not by policing alone, but through the cooperative effort of the community based on a mature understanding of the causative factors of crime. The community in this context is the local neighborhood that has a commonality of interests in prevention of crime and in enhancing the sense of security of all local residents. If the community is properly mobilized and educated, it can evolve joint and collaborative strategies that can break the crime triangle- the victim, the offender and the location- at a suitable point. Neighborhood watch is one such strategy. b) The Study assumes that the best way to enlist Community collaboration in reducing crime is through two means-1) Physical Means- This is called as Target Hardening in which each home is assessed for its vulnerability to victimization and measures are designed to deter the offender from gaining easy access to the potential victim. This can be most effectively attempted at the stage of planning construction and if this has not been possible, then through suitable modification of existing structure. Target hardening can be more effective if, in addition to physical restructuring, the immediate neighbors undertake to keep a watch on the potential victim’s premises and access points in order to detect and report any suspicious activity to the police promptly. c) The Study further proceeds on the less obvious assumption hat that target hardening through physical measures can be most effectively supplemented by eliminating alienation and anonymity in the local neighborhood by means of community mobilization and social cohesion. This is because when local residents come together in a spirit of fraternity and mutual support, they are able to see more clearly criminogenic factors, whether on account of deviation or neighborhood decline and disorder. It is then possible to identify local problems of petty annoyance or disorderly behavior that when neglected ultimately lead to crime and to devise effective strategies to find suitable solutions through a process of constant consultation and consensus. d) The Study also assumes that today the idea gaining currency is that prevention of crime-especially crime involving neighborhoods is a responsibility that must be shared by the Police as well as the citizens in a spirit of partnership. The police has traditionally promoted the idea that they are exclusively responsible for crime control and that the community has no role whatever in the matter. The community on its part seldom understands or appreciates that factors that cause crime such as poverty or psychological aberration is beyond the capacity of the police to control. As a result crime prevention strategies in the past placed too much reliance on the police agency as crime fighters. Sociological research and field experiments conducted in the USA during the 1970s clearly brought out the fact that an increase in police presence hardly ever led to a decline in crime; stringent enforcement at best led to displacement. On the other hand, foot patrol, which brought the police and the community closer, did in fact have a positive impact in reducing crime and the fear of crime in the community. Neighborhood watch as an effective crime prevention strategy evolved from the important realization that the police alone cannot solve the problems of crime and disorder and that the community is the best resource for controlling crime. The community policing philosophy that has changed the profile of policing in many democratic countries has emerged from this realization of the role of community participation in policing efforts and its partnership with the police in identifying local problems that lead to crime and in devising effective solutions for local problems. e) The Study also takes note of the fact that field experiments conducted in many States and cities in the USA demonstrate that not only police effectiveness in controlling crime is enhanced by community policing strategies such as neighborhood watch, they also help the police to earn legitimacy from the community, that is qualitatively different from legitimacy accorded by law alone. The police also therefore stand to gain such strategies of crime prevention undertaken in partnership with the community. Findings and recommendations:   For crime control society has traditionally relied on formal police organizations and their time-honored practices of deterrence such as random patrol, fast response, strong armed enforcement represented by terms such as zero tolerance and investigation and prosecution of offenders. But police ineffectiveness and police inadequacy in dealing with crime have been sufficiently well documented. Community policing that has replaced the traditional enforcement style of policing is based on the assumption that the police need to develop positive relations with the community, involve the community in the quest for crime control and crime prevention and further pool their resources with those of the community to address the most pressing concerns of its members. The police strategy is adapted to fit the needs of particular neighborhoods and neighborhood watch happens to be one that suits most communities, once they have been properly mobilized and educated. The Study has been based on the assumptions of the community policing paradigm and has relied upon the responses of members of the community which is the local neighborhood in this case and empirical data collected through official police sources to develop a reliable understanding of the impact of neighborhood watch on important concerns of the community such as crime and the fear of crime and victimization, neighborhood decline and disorder and the lack of social cohesion that results from a fear of crime and distrust of others. Though the program alone will not be capable of eliminating crime and disorder entirely by itself, the Study amply demonstrates that in combination with other strategies of community policing it can go a long way in reducing crime and the fear of crime and additionally bring about greater social cohesion. The Study however shows that there are certain minimum conditions for mobilizing a local neighborhood for effective participation and collaboration in crime prevention work. First of all, people must understand the need to cooperate is vital from the point of common security. People must also come to believe that there are solutions to the problems of insecurity that they confront each day and solutions must be such that they can comprehend. People must also be able to develop faith in the efficacy of the new method. These are conditions that are not easy to fulfill, but if the proper police leadership takes up the challenge of mobilizing and educating the community, it should not be too difficult a task as several experiments have shown in many parts of the world. Neighborhood watch is moreover a very visible and demonstrable strategy that can earn trust and credibility if it is properly managed. The Study therefore shows that neighborhood watch is a program full of potential and promise if motivated leadership of the police and the local community initiates it REFERENCES- 1.Bucqueroux and Trojanowicz 1990 â€Å"Community Policing- A contemporary perspective† Anderson publishing Co. Cincinnati. 2. Bayley, David H.1998   â€Å" What works in Policing† Oxford University Press 3.FriedMann, Robert.R 1992   â€Å"Community Policing† Harvester wheat Sheaf. 4. Goldstein H.1977 â€Å" Policing a Free society â€Å" Ballinger publishing. 5. Manning K.1978† Policing- A view from the Street†- Goodyear Publishing co. 6.Rosenbaum Dennis P.1994 â€Å" The Challenge of community Policing† Sage.                         How to cite Neighbourhood watch research study, Essays

Ethics and Conducting Disciplinary Proceedings †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Ethics and Conducting Disciplinary Proceedings. Answer: Introduction: In the video, a situation has been presented where the Project Director of a software development company receives a call from the CEO of the company regarding the release of the Willies software. In the video, the CEO of the concerned company orders the project director to launch the Willies software a month early. A conversation is presented between the project director and the project manager. The project manager is approached with the idea of the CEO. The demand is to launch the Willies software early without the encryption portion. Hearing this proposal, the project manager states that launching the software on time will be difficult to manage and let alone the early release. The project manager feels extremely skeptical about the early launch proposal as he states that encryption is a crucial portion of the software and to release the software without that feature would prove to be harmful. The project director tries to convince the project manager that he and his team will be paid bonus handsomely if he agrees with the proposal and that the encryption part can be added to the software using updates ("Scenario 3: Early Launch", 2017). Therefore, in this video, the ethically questionable situation or activity is that the project director is pressurized to launch the software early without it being fully functional.The project manager is forced to agree to the proposal when he knows that the encryption part is extremely vital. The project manager faces an ethical dilemma as he fails to figure out whether he should turn down the proposal or should command junior developers to agree with the early launch of the software. This is completely an Information Technology related ethical issue because the early launch of the software compromises with the security features as it will not contain the encryption feature. This can result in security holes in the software making it vulnerable to hackers. This early launch proposal is already in breach of ethical conducts such as honesty and public interests (Myers Venable, 2014). Lacking encryption features will comprise the security of its users, which is not an ethical decision by a software firm. People who are responsible for raising the ethical problems are the management authority of the company. The financial state of the company has been compromised and to manage that situation, the CEO is pressurizing the managers to launch the software early without proper validated developments. The CEO has convinced the project director to command the early launch of the software and this raises the ultimate problem. The early launch of the software has pressurized the software development team as developing the software on the planned date has been known to be a difficult task. The encryption portion has not been developed and the a few other modules of the software are yet to be integrated and hence, testing process will fall behind the planned date. Therefore, these ethical issues have blatantly affected the development team and the project manager. The main problem that caused the crisis is the financial problem. The management authority of the company should have identified the possibility of the financial problem and should have provided a forecast to manage the financial crisis without taking an unethical step (Stahl et al., 2014). Review of budget could help in managing operational costs of the company. If the company is suffering from a sudden financial crisis then the company could have taken loan to avert the crisis. Prediction of the financial problem is the best way to manage such crisis as the financial problems do not arise overnight in a company. The action taken by the project manager was an ethical one. The project manager tried to convince the director that without the encryption feature in the software, it will be vulnerable to all the available cyber threats. Releasing an update will take a few months and till that specified timeline, the users will have to use the software which has no security features at all. In this way, the sensitive information shared by the users will be exposed to the world wide web, which will in the long run will damage the reputation of the firm. The company is basically trying to handle its financial problems by taking shortcuts. However, releasing software with no security will jeopardize the future of the company. The project manager does his best to make the project director understand the seriousness of the situation and the director heeds his words. The project director sees his point and agrees to talk to the higher authority. As the consequence, the project director makes a call to the higher authority stating about the concern of the project manager. He explains that release of the software a month early will only compromise the future of the company and the authority agrees to convince the CEO to launch the software on the previously allocated timeline. The firm is obviously going through some financial crisis and hence, the CEO of the company has decided to launch the software early to manage the financial problem. Apart from launching the software early, there can be another way to solve the problem (Burmeister et al., 2014). Launching in early will jeopardize the reputation and future of the company; however, it will be better if the company takes a loan to avert the short-term crisis. This will not comprise the development of the software and no unethical issue will be faced by the company. Upon the timely release of the software, the company will be able to repay the bank in time. The project director should take the best action because the director has been pressurized by the CEO for the early release of the software. This in turn will lead to bribe the development team unprofessionally (Carvalho, Polidoro Magalhes, 2016). It is the responsibility of the project director to understand the developmental crisis of the software and what unethical treatment the team is facing. Therefore, the project director should understand and talk to the top level management authorities to cancel the early launch of the software. The best action which is the project manager cancelling the proposal of early release of the software. The decision of launching the project in time will provide the appropriate amount of time required to efficiently complete the development and testing of the software. It will also manage the cost as timely release of the software will help in proper development of all the modules and cost estimation of the overall integrated software will be easy (Miloradova Ishkov, 2015).. Launching the software within the predetermined timeline will surely provide enough time for testing and troubleshooting of the software modules and thus will ultimately assure quality of the software. Timely release will contain the encryption feature and hence, no important features will be compromised leaving the quality intact. A software has features enabling it to exchange data over the internet. Internet is vulnerable to various cyber threats such as phishing, worms, viruses, Torjan Horse etc. and hacking of data is extremely common. Users may utilize data exchange feature to exchange various forms of data. To facilitate a safe exchange of data, a security mechanism is required. When a data is sent through the internet medium, every bit of the data needs to be protected and to protect the bits, a process called Encryption is required. Encryption is a process that can employ specific algorithms to hide the original data bits produced by the software and a respective decryption method is required to decrypt the encrypted data (Bannister Connolly, 2014). This encryption solely serves the security purpose of the users. However, in the video, it has been presented that the software will be released early without the development of the encryption feature. This will jeopardize the bulk of information shared us ing the software and this will endanger the biggest stakeholders of the project which are the users. (Vidli?ka,Lang Maravelski, 2016). Therefore, through the best action, the user data will not be compromised and all the sensitive information exchange will be safe. References: Bannister, F., Connolly, R. (2014). ICT, public values and transformative government: A framework and programme for research. Government Information Quarterly, 31(1), 119-128. Burmeister, O., Al-Saggaf, Y., Schwartz, M., Johnson, L. (2014). Internet resources to help Australian ICT professionals identify and solve ethical challenges. ACIS. Carvalho, V. S., Polidoro, M. J., Magalhes, J. P. (2016, April). OwlSight: Platform for Real-Time Detection and Visualization of Cyber Threats. In Big Data Security on Cloud (BigDataSecurity), IEEE International Conference on High Performance and Smart Computing (HPSC), and IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Data and Security (IDS), 2016 IEEE 2nd International Conference on (pp. 61-66). IEEE. Miloradova, N., Ishkov, A. (2015). Environmental ethics as a social, professional and personal value of the students of civil engineering university. Procedia Engineering, 117, 246-251. Myers, M. D., Venable, J. R. (2014). A set of ethical principles for design science research in information systems. Information Management, 51(6), 801-809. Scenario 3: Early Launch. (2017). YouTube. Retrieved 30 November 2017, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v5M7ohdZ6qA Stahl, B. C., Eden, G., Jirotka, M., Coeckelbergh, M. (2014). From computer ethics to responsible research and innovation in ICT: The transition of reference discourses informing ethics-related research in information systems. Information Management, 51(6), 810-818. Vidli?ka, S. R., Lang, I. G., Maravelski, A. (2016). Regulating breaches of professional ethics and conducting disciplinary proceedings against physicians in Europe (Chapter 33). Compendium on European Health Law (book), Buijsen, Martin; RoscamAbbing, Henriette; den Exter, Andre (eds.), Maklu, Netherlands.

My Kind of Love Paragraph for Changing Self Essay free essay sample

Change is a constant in everyone’s lives; it’s the thing that remains while everything else transforms. In my related material of the song ‘My kind of Love’ written by Emeli Sande demonstrates just how true that statement is. In the video, Emeli visits a sick friend in the hospital, and decides to take her out to town to boost her morale, if not her health. The concept of the song was inspired by the period of time Sande was a med student. One of the things that inspired her was the patients and the interaction that they had with there loved ones during their time of illness. Because when people arrived at the hospital, money and status became irrelevant and only health mattered, which sparks an honesty between people and that’s the type of love she’s singing about. The music devices in this production are phenomenal doing everything in their power to make the listener feel. We will write a custom essay sample on My Kind of Love Paragraph for Changing Self Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A smart choice was the key she wrote the song in, she used the F minor scale, which is a scale known for passion, its key signature has 4 flats in it giving the scale an emotional edge therefore giving the song an emotional edge. In the first verse, she starts with a progressing dynamic with the piano alone and her vocals; â€Å"Sometimes the truth wont make you happy,† which is immediately making you fell the sadness of that statement. Then as the dynamic slowly builds she states â€Å"But don’t ever question that my heart beats only for,† which shows her giving her power away to then lead up to the texture of layers of instruments increasing and developing the strong and powerful chorus where she sings â€Å"Cause when you’ve given up. When no matter what you do it’s never good enough†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and the tone of her voice that she sings it in is almost a whine for the purpose of creating a more heartfelt sound. The lyrics of the chorus are gorgeous because they truly present the hurt and pain of her experience â€Å"†¦When you never thought that it could ever get this tough. That’s when you feel my kind of love. † These lyrics and the melody in which they are sung; plus the 5 other harmonies underneath her vocal, immediately pluck the strings of your heart. Like in â€Å"The Glass Jar† the writer is trying to demonstrate how you need to take a walk in their shoes for a day or a night in the persona of â€Å"The Glass Jar† and then you’ll know how they feel and how they experience things. Self change plays a huge part of this song, because she’s saying even when you have given up, and when your kind of love no one else can experience, to still stand tall and move forward she’s proving to herself how strong she is and how much she can handle even when she has given up. So its change in her inner self to take that step forward while the things around her collapse and transform. Yet, her heart still beats for the person she cares so much about and that’s how she expresses her kind of love.

The Genius of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart essays

The Genius of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart essays Through the hard times and financial insecurity of a musician in the 1700's, Mozart accomplished his dream of becoming a great musician. Coming from a talented family, he spent his life with music. All this started when he was old enough to walk. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was baptized in a Salzburg cathedral the day after his birth; January 27th, 1756. He was born to the Leopold Mozart, a musical author, composer, and violinist; and to his wife Anna Marie Pertl. Only Wolfgang and his sister Maria Anna, or Nannerl, survived infancy. Wolfgang was the seventh born child, out of seven children. Wolfgang was baptized under the name Joannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus. He never used these names in his later life. He often went by Amadeus or Amade. Although he could not walk until the age of three, Mozart started to display musical talent at the age of four. He could also play any piano melody given to him. It is believed that Mozart's first music was composed shortly after his fourth birthday. At age five he could play the violin with perfect intonation. He injoined this attention that he was getting for being a gifted musician. He found great pleasure in learning and pleasuring his father. It took all of 30 minutes to mast er his first musical composition. This was a scherzo by Georg Christoph Wagenseil, learned three days before his fifth birthday. Leopold began to neglect his court career and devote more time to Wolfgang and Nannerl's musical instruction. He then proceeded to send his two children on tours to play in the courts of Europe. The family set out from Salzburg on September 18, 1762. At Linz, Wolfgang gave his first public concert. Among the audience was Count Herberstein and Count Hieronymous. Both were astonished and hurried to Vienna to spread the reports of Mozart's talent. All of Vienna was anxiously awaiting the arrival of the prodigies from Salzburg. '"We are already being talked f everywhere," Leopold reporte...

Patch work for university year one student Assignment - 2

Patch work for university year one student - Assignment Example James was a determined and hardworking manager who conducted research on the ways that help bring positive results in a company. According to him, the most important was the human behavioral approach as the company’s workers were core in any activity a company undertook. He spent a considerable good amount of time learning the behavior of the four workers and coming up with ways of motivating them to work hard in order to achieve the set goals. After a close chat with Olive, James found out that she performed poorly under close supervision but performed well when given the space and freedom to work on her own. Harry was motivated by deadlines and working under a little pressure and thus all the work which had little time frame would be given to him. The unique thing about the skit is that James had to indentify on his own the behavior of the other group members and this is similar to what the managers do. It was easy for James however, to know the characteristics of every pers on in the group as we are in the same class. A manager should also find it easy to know the behaviors of his or her workers as they are working together all the time and for an extended period. I have grown up thinking that attaining skills that enable an individual work in a certain career line is all that an individual needs to become successful but my view changed after reading the article on continuing professional development (CPD) (Scales, 21). The article states that due to the ever-changing dynamics in the world, mere skills and knowledge in a certain career field are not enough and that a professional needs to continue developing them. I was amazed by how simple a professional could continue developing in his or her related field. According to the author, the first step to this is documenting and keeping track of the knowledge, experience and skills that a person has. It had not hit

SWOT Analysis - NYLB Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

SWOT Analysis - NYLB - Research Paper Example This function started since 1909 after the New York legislation passed a law which stated that the receiver would have separate responsibility and was appointed by the State Supreme Court of New York (New York Liquidation Bureau, â€Å"Home†). Mr.Bing, chief executive officer of the NYLB authored 85 bills that passed the Assembly and around 35 of the bills passed the senate and were signed into law. Among these law included the 2006 law passed by Mr.Bling which stated about the limitation of workers, recovery and clean up workers, compensation claims made by the 9/11 rescues; other law stated were the 2010 no fault divorce law, adoption of the UPMIFA statute in 2010, the law of criminal and civil penalties in the year 2008. Apart from the law stated above the chief executive also authored laws for the insurance and real estate sector so that these industries could taste success even during hard economic times. NYLB performs administrative and operational support to NYLB through economical and timely procurement of goods and services. The claims division looks after the disposition of claims which meets the criteria under the New York Security Fund, enabling NYLB to close its proceeding of estates with the allocated time. The creditor and ancillary division looks after the insolvent users and helps the Superintendent performs his responsibilities. The assets of NYLB are looked after by the finance division and the Human Resource department protects the estates by minimizing the risk (New York Liquidation Bureau-a, â€Å"About us†). The bureau does not own any assets, rather it holds and manages the assets of the security funds and estates and acts as a fiduciary for the benefits of the creditors and policyholders of the Estates. The Bureau’s total receipts for the year 2010 stood at $ 195,486,151 as compared to 2009 of $ 100,186,041 and net receipts was much higher as compared to previous year and was calculated to be $15,588,520. Cash comprised only the money which are deposited in the CDA and for longer term investment opportunities the cash is placed in the Money Market Deposit Account so that a more attractive yield is achieved. The bureau monitors the cash balance based which are in excess of insured limits and based on the information, such balances does not represents material credit risk for the New York Liquidation Bureau. Thus cash at the beginning of the year 2010 accounted to $15,022,557 and for 2009 cash was $7407191 and cash at the end of the year accounted for a total amount of $30, 611,077 in 2010 and $ 15,022,557 at the year 2009 (NYLB-c, p.3-4). Literature review The New York Liquidation Bureau performs the responsibility as a Receiver for the Superintendent of Insurance and the Bureau acts on the behalf of the superintendent in order to carry out the duties to safeguard the interest of the creditors and policyholders of the insolvent a nd impaired insurance companies. The Bureau takes care of the insolvent insurance companies in order to maximize the assets and resolve the liabilities, return back the rehabilitated insurance companies to market place so as to distribute the proceeds of the company to the creditors within the given period of time. NYLB has been performing the function of the Receiver since 1909. When the insurance company is

Photography Essays Bernd and Hilla Becher

Photography Essays Bernd and Hilla Becher Identify what you consider to be the legacy of the artist Bernd and Hilla Becher for the importance of the photographic image. ‘The modern photographer is the architect’s greatest publicist’; that is, if one considers architectural photography a dumb copying device, and a pure record that informs the onlooker only of the building and its functionality.   However banal a series of photographs depicting only water towers may seem, Bernd and Hilla Becher dedicated much attention to photographing such icons of post-war Germany and so created a historical document.   In this way, the Bechers’ living legacy is ‘a narrative of socio-historic reality based on photography’s potential to retain some indexical trace of its subject’, but as mentioned by Mack, the Bechers are amongst those photographers who are also ‘involved in some level of construction or fabrication, distinct from the realist and objective position which is usually attributed to [photography]’.   Their photography and teachings represent a time when photography was winning serious cons ideration by the European art scene and so are undeniably important and influential, but perhaps the most pointed question to ask of their work is the exact nature of its influence on other artists, on the nature of the photographic image, and on the landscape of Germany of which the mine shafts and silos they photographed were a vital part. Just as an historic text is the subject of the author’s interpretation of the reality of the times, a photograph is the product of the photographer’s choice and manipulation of an image.   It is plain that the Bechers were not attempting to flatter architects or approve of the design and function of the buildings they photographed, as is often the case in the classic understanding of architectural photography.   Although it cannot be denied that their many images, like those of August Sander, create a social document for posterity’s sake, the photographs are in no way a sentimental harking back to the past or a reassurance of German identity.   The technology depicted in the Bechers’ typological sequences, often in a state of deterioration or abandonment, could be said to represent a time of spiritual poverty and the ‘erosion of inherited cultural and moral values’.   In light of this suggestion, Bernd and Hilla Becher seemed to be see king to document their subjects in a clinical, objective manner; remaining fascinated with but shedding the past in the hope that ‘the unburied industrial sources of Modernist imagery be sanitized and distanced from us, lest [they]†¦ invade the minds of another generation’.   Therefore, unlike August Sander, the Bechers are more interested in showing us death (rather than Sanders life study of the classes of Germany); the photographs can be said to be looking ahead to a better future only if the viewer interprets it so. Shouldnt these photos then, fascinated by death to the point of necrophilia, be filed away and forgotten?   Rather, it should be said that the photos enlarge our understanding of the photographic image, precisely because they serve as a stark reminder of a past away from which the world has moved.   As much as it was tactful for German artists to deny history in the immediate post-war period, Bernd and Hilla Becher chose to show it, with characteristically functionalist honesty and truth.   Viewing the photographs, we know that the spiritually repressive time to which the buildings belong has passed and so view our position favourably.   Photography is the art form that is most closely comparable to our reality; whether they meant to or not, the Bechers have created art through which we view history with a clarity that cannot be gained through memory or other art forms. Photography has always been associated with some notion of cutting out and keeping the past in order that it is not forgotten, although not necessarily in order to commend or legitimate the events therein.   An extensive collection of nakedly truthful architectural portraits such as the Bechers’, could be said to be a way of preserving the buildings and what they represent, rather than a way of banishing them to ‘the registers of the dead’ in order that society moves forward (or at least away from the faux progression of industrialisation).   Preservation, yes, and as important to the renewal of German identity as is the conservation of Auschwitz.   Indeed, the Bechers were heavily involved in the German industrial preservation movement that started in the 1950s and resulted in numerous icons of the country’s economic and cultural history being listed and their demolition prevented.   The power of the Bechers art, and therefore part of their renderi ng of photography as an important form, is tangible in that the photographs were so compelling that they became a part of a movement which changed (or maintained) Germany’s landscape. It can also be said that, in preserving the winding gear, the framework workers’ houses and silos in their art, the Bechers’ ‘industrial archaeology’ was an investigation into specific communities.   Despite claims that their subjects are completely isolated from their environment, the photographs are often dated and their locations documented, and therefore offer a pertinent reminder of a specific space and time for each similar but significantly different image.   From there, a viewer can take time to study the stilled physicality of the buildings, their silent watch, whilst remaining aware of their specialised existence within individual societies. Whilst this is a large part of the Bechers’ typological studies’ legacy, their way of showing buildings is most certainly not anthropocentric.   Never do they purposefully use the human form to legitimise or enrich their industrial subjects.   Indeed, it is the very absence of the human form that makes these photographs so interesting because actually ‘the handiwork of men is everywhere visible’ and the collection stands partly as a testimony to humankind’s inexhaustible ingenuity and inventiveness.   The Bechers’ fascination with metal and all that goes with its production could not be a more powerful statement about that which is alien to human fleshly existence, but in the same way it is a comment on the extents to which industrial people are forced to go because of their reliance on the laws of nature. Not directly interested in the human form, but nevertheless a product of the human mind and skill, the Bechers’ art shows humankind’s flagging attempt to master nature, to reign it in and use it or, indeed, to ‘make nature in the image of their own desires’.   Such a battle can only end in failure as, with water towers for instance, the very function of the buildings remind us that we are utterly reliant on the earth’s resources; only when we combine our understanding of forces such as gravity with our desire to remain alive are we able to create technologies that serve us whilst abiding by nature’s laws.   In so saying, it is interesting to note that the static image of the photograph reminds one of the denial of evolution.   The Bechers help the viewer see, through their almost exhaustive collection of similar images, the differences between the humans self and the buildings in the photographs.   The most pointed distinction being ho w each succumbs to the processes of evolution.   Whilst we move on from war, from old ideas about art, from economic peak to economic trough, these buildings stay very much the same.   This becomes part of the distancing process that seems to make the Bechers’ work so important; the photographic image is unchangeable, undeniable truth that will always remain in the past whilst we move on ourselves.   The photographs come to deny the ‘progress’ they originally stood for, and so reaffirm our place in the present and, more importantly, suggest our continuation into a future that will be different. The Bechers’ work has received much attention; even winning a prestigious prize for sculpture.   The framing of the photographed buildings, the uniform lighting used and the subjects’ apparent freedom from their visible environment allows a neutralisation, which brings the buildings closer to sculptural treatment than the two-dimensional reportage that is often the lot of the photographic image.   As Klaus Bussmann states in his introduction to the Bechers’ Industrial Faà §ades; ‘in these photographs the function of the architecture does not emerge from its form’.   Unlike the art of the Neue Sachlichkeit, the Bechers’ photography does not celebrate the ‘dynamic and dramatic functionality of the industrial machine’; indeed it does not invest them with any meaning at all.   We invest them with meaning and memories – but the Bechers were seemingly fascinated by their deadness, their static place in history and their comparison with the vibrancy of human existence. The Bechers’ work made a remarkable impact on the art world, and the affect of their legacy is partly due to the manner in which they chose to display their photographs when their work was exhibited.   If there is an argument that depicts the photographic image as a bland record of what we can all see as it exists or existed in nature, then the Bechers’ typological constructs deny this.   Seen in groups; one building in comparison to a dozen others of almost (but pointedly not) identical appearance, the subjects of the photographs are recreated anew, and suddenly become something other than their pure physicality.   The viewer is irresistibly invited to take note of those differences, to see the similarities and variations all at once – are they impersonal or not, beautiful or ugly?   Seen together, the images become a greater challenge to the viewer’s notion of banality, of universality and the fundamental core of human needs. Alongside their fellow post-war photographers, the Bechers recreated photography as an art form, which is as legitimate as any other.   Their subject matter is not directly passionate, does not reveal the interior workings of the photographers’ identity and does not even deal with emotional issues, as is the common arena of the art world.   Instead, their calm, measured series of photographs introduces a part of western industrial society in the most honest way.   Because of its closeness to our experience of reality, we react very deeply to photography; the experience of looking at a framed portrait is intensely emotional whether the subject is treated in an emotional manner or not.   The legacy of the Bechers runs deep, especially in light of their teachings at Dà ¼sseldorf and the photographers who have come after them.   Bernd and Hilla truly understood the power of photography and have had a hand in investing the medium with the ‘power to influence our pe rception of the world around us’.   Their legacy is complex and the personal reaction to their work can be confusing as one finds a fascination with the deadness of their subjects at the same time as being instilled with some semblance of hope for the future.   Their ‘industrial archaeology’ will remain with us to aid the excavation of man-made landscapes and, indirectly, lead to a better understanding of the human condition. References Becher, B.  Ã‚   Tipologie, Typologien, Typologies – Bernd and Hilla Becher.   Munster: Klaus Bussmann, Bonn: 1990 Becher, B.   Industrial Faà §ades – Bernd and Hilla Becher.   Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press: 1995 Becher, B.   Water Towers – Bernd and Hilla Becher.   Cambridge, Massachusetts:   MIT Press: 1988 De Mare, E.   Architectural Photography.   London: B T Batsford: 1975 Gillen, E (ed.) German Art from Beckman to Richter: images of a divided country.   London: DuMont: 1997 Homburg, C (ed.) German Art Now.   London: Merrell: 2003 Honnef, K Sachsse, R Thomas, K (eds.)   German Photography 1870 – 1970: power of a medium. Cologne: DuMont: 1997 Mack, M.   Reconstructing Space: architecture in recent German photography.   London:   AA Publications: 1999 Robinson, C Herschmann, J.   Architecture Transformed: a history of the photography of buildings from 1839 to the present Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press: 1987 Rosselli, P. (ed.) Architecture in Photography Milan: Skira: 2001 Sander, A.   August Sander: citizens of the twentieth century: portrait photographs 1892 – 1952.   Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press: 1986   http://www.arts.monash.edu.au/visarts/globe/issue6/dptxt.html   31.03.05

Herrick: Delight In Disorder Shows Delight In Life Essay -- essays res

The lively figures of speech in Herrick’s â€Å"Delight in Disorder† show his sensual delight in the little things in life. The oxymorons, animations, images, and paradox in this poem display the author’s enjoyment of true uniqueness. The animations in â€Å"Delight in Disorder† show how the speaker sees the clothing as having a will of it’s own that makes the outfit more â€Å"bewitch[ing]† (13). For example, the author cites a â€Å"tempestuous petticoat† and a â€Å"careless shoestring† as things that cause the woman’s dress to be unique and intriguing (9, 10). Through his use of the animation â€Å"tempestuous petticoat†, the author shows the reader that the petticoat not only flows freely and wildly, but the woman is also free and wild (9). The â€Å"careless shoestring† shows the how the disarray of the woman and her...

Barrows and Pickell model of problem solving Essay

INTRODUCTION This is a case study concerning a patient presenting with low abdominal pain, frequent micturation and dysuria. I will discuss the consultation and show how I used the problem solving consultation style detailed by Alison Crumbie. This involves listening to the patients’ initial complaint and developing hypothetical diagnosis. Focused questioning and clinical examination and investigations will then be used to eliminate some of the initial hypotheses. The patients’ perspective of their problem will be addressed and the synthesis of gathered information will enable the practitioner to arrive at a differential diagnosis and to agree on a treatment plan with the patient so that they can manage their problem. I currently work as a Nurse Practitioner in General Practice in East London. I provide first contact appointments for patients registered with the practice each morning on a walk-in basis. I am a non medical prescriber and generate prescriptions for patients. I work autonomously within my agreed scope of practice and am supported by the structure of a small organisation of professional clinical and administrative staff. The patient , whom I will call Sue, presented in the walk-in Surgery and told me she had had three days of stinging pain on passing urine, increased frequency of passing water and intermittent low abdominal discomfort. She also said that she had a water infection three months previously and that she thought that she now had the same problem. She had tried over the counter (OTC) medications and had increased the amount of fluids she drank with little effect. She said that her abdominal pain reduced after taking paracetamol but reoccurred after a few hours. She requested a prescription of the same antibiotics she had last time she had this problem. Forming the initial conceptMy first impression of Sue was that she was smartly dressed, of normal weight, looked physically well and did not appear to be distressed. She attended alone and I could see from her patient record that she was 25 years old. After introducing myself I asked her two opening questions – ‘how can I help you’ and ‘what brings you here today’. I find by combining open and closed questions in this manner it helps the patient be more focused on their presenting compliant than by using either of these  opening questions alone. I try not to interrupt the patient as they respond and so give them the opportunity to relate what they think the problem is and what it is they think I can do to help them manage this problem. Sue told me that she got a burning pain on passing urine and thought that she had cystitis. She told me that last time she had a similar problem she was given antibiotics tablets. Sue told me that she had tried to self manage with OTC medications for pain relief and for cystitis for the past 2 days but had had no lasting relief from symptoms. She said that a few hours after taking paracetamol her pain returned. My initial concept was of an articulate, well dressed woman, who had decided that she was experiencing a urinary tract infection (UTI), who had tried unsuccessfully to manage her symptoms her self and was now requesting assistance from a health care professional. She appeared systemically well to me but possibly had cystitis. Generating multiple hypothesesA provisional explanation for the patients’ problems could now be attempted. It is important to think as widely as possible about potential causes to generate broad hypotheses which can then be narrowed down with focused enquiry and investigations (Crumbie et all) The quality of hypotheses is dependent on the practitioners experience in eliciting information from the patient and in translating this information into a number of potential scenarios. It is important that the information offered by the patient is understood correctly and not translated badly by the practitioner. For example a patient may say they felt sick and the practitioner understands this as feeling nauseated whilst the patient meant they felt generally unwell. I hypothesised that Sue could be suffering from Cystitis (uncomplicated UTI) , pylonephritis (ascending UTI), eptopic pregnancy, Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID), Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) or constipation. On later reflection I realized I could have though about interstitial cystitis, appendicitis and renal calculi. My multiple hypotheses for this patient are presented in Table 1. Formulating an Inquiry StrategySue had told me that she had pain on passing urine and as I focused my questioning she told me her urine appeared darker in colour than normal and smelled different than usual. She described the pain as stinging and said that it was provoked by micturating and relieved a minute or so after she stopped urinating. I asked her to point to where the pain was in her abdomen and she indicated the suprapubic region. She gauged the pain to be level 6 on a pain scale of 0-10 without analgesia but did say it was relieved by analgesia and resolved to a feeling of pressure rather than pain at that time. Back/loin pain, nausea, vomiting, fever and frank haematuria are all more common with pylonephritis. Sue denied any of these symptoms which made it less likely as a diagnosis ultimately. .On enquiry Sue told me that she used Depo- Provera injections for contraception and dysmenorrhoea and consequently did not menstruate. She also denied any spotting of blood. Her last injection was given in practice 40 days previously and by reviewing her notes I could see her history showed timely attendance for these injections. Although I knew that both dysuria and suprapubic pain can be experience in both normal early pregnancy and in eptopic pregnancy, and that cystitis is more common in pregnant women, I felt I could now discount pregnancy as a cause of her symptoms due to her contraceptive history. I then asked her about her sexual history. Sue told me that she was currently celibate and had not had a sexual relationship for one year. I She told me she had never experienced genital herpes so I felt able to discount STI at this stage. I enquired about her bowel habits and Sue told me that she had passed a soft stool that morning as was her normal routine and that there had been no recent change to bowel actions. This made a diagnosis of constipation less  likely. Whilst enquiring about her symptoms I used Mortens PQRST structured clinical questioning mnemonic. This enabled me to focus my questions and to analyse symptoms and Sues responses. It is especially useful when assessing symptoms of pain and enabled me to detail a focused history of her complaint. I have used this technique extensively since commencing Nurse Practitioner training and have found it easy to remember and that it adds a structure to my questioning that was previously lacking. Incorporating the patients perspectiveFollowing the above questioning, I went on to discuss with Sue her own concept and concerns regarding her presenting complaint. I asked Sue what she thought was causing her problem, what she thought was required to rectify the problems and what could help prevent reoccurrence. She told me that she was sure that she had another episode of cystitis and that she needed antibiotics. Applying appropriate clinical skillsI began with a general inspection of Sue’s external appearance ,her tone of voice and articulation. I recorded her vital signs. She was apyrexial @ 35.6 Celsius and normatensive @ 120/70. Respiratory rate was 12/min and pulse rate 80 bpm. These results are within normal limits for a person of her age. I performed near patient testing in the surgery with urine dip stick testing. This showed a positive response to nitrates and leukocytes. I did not have facilities for near patient pregnancy testing, and on reflection would not have performed one at this time in this case due to her contraceptive history. I chose not to send a test off to the laboratory for pregnancy testing for the same rational. Sue declined an internal exam at this time. I noted from records that Sue had not had a smear test so I offered to do this at this time. After explanation Sue agreed to this. I asked Sue to undress from the waist down and to lie on the examination coach. I ensured that she was comfortable screened and relaxed before commencing the exam. I examined her abdomen using the process taught in Nurse Practitioner  training and described by ( Bickly 2005). I noted her abdomen was of normal appearance with what appeared to be an appendicectomy scar. Sue confirmed that she had had her appendix removed as a child. I auscilated for bowel sounds in the four quadrants and as these were heard and of normal tone I was able to rule out an acute abdominal problem. I then percussed her abdomen and found no change to expected tympani. This helped confirm the patient’s opinion that she was not constipated and after palpation of a soft abdomen I was able to discount this hypothesis at this stage. When I palpated her suprapubic region Sue complained of discomfort, this tenderness is indicative of bladder inflammation. Palpation of the costovertebral angles induced no pain response from Sue and as I recalled her vital signs and presenting history I felt able to exclude pylonephritis also. I then began an exam of Sue’s external genitalia looking for swelling, ulcer, lacerations or discharge. Inflammation and discharge are common with Candida and other vaginal infections. Genital herpes causes ulcerated areas and scratching can cause minor skin lacerations. This external exam was normal. I continued with the vaginal examination. Using a bimanual technique I first felt for Sue’s cervix and palpated it from side to side looking for a positive chandelier sign. If there is infection in the uterus this test can elicit pain. Sue did not have any pain on testing. I then inserted the speculum and examined the vaginal walls for signs of injury or discharge. This was also normal, inspection of the cervix and of the os showed no discharge and this combined with a negative chandelier sign now made the diagnosis of pelvic inflammatory disease less likely. I performed a smear test and took samples for HVS and Chlamydia testing. My initial hypotheses of cystitis now seemed most likely as the cause of symptoms. During this examination sequence I was reminded to consider appendicitis as a hypothesis in the future with this set of presenting symptoms. Developing the problem synthesisWhen I considered the presenting problem, my history and examination findings, and compared them with my original hypotheses I found that I was able to eliminate some at this stage. As Sue had no fever, nausea, haematuria or costovertebral pain I discounted pylonephritis. Bowel history and examinations were normal so constipation was also discounted. As Sue had a record of in date contraceptive cover with an injectable contraceptive and denied sexual intercourse I discounted pregnancy. Although I was aware that Pelvic inflammatory disease could account for her symptoms, examination findings had not supported these hypotheses and were all negative at this stage. When I reviewed the consultation at this stage, recalling the positive urine dip test, the suprapubic tenderness and the patient’s history I was able to be confident that to proceed with the differential diagnosis of cystitis was most appropriate. Diagnostic decision makingMy differential diagnosis was cystitis .I made a differential diagnosis of cystitis for the following reasons:Previous episodeDysuria – pain on micturation and frequencyLow abdominal pain – provoked by palpation of suprapubic areaNo systemic signs/ vital signs normalNo red flags – haematuria, pregnancy, recent change of sexual partnerPositive urine test for nitrates and leukocytesTherapeutic decision makingSue had come to surgery with the idea the she required antibiotics to treat her self diagnosed cystitis. She wanted her health care provider to facilitate this request. She had tried self management and used OTC preparations before presenting in surgery. This showed me that she was motivated in trying to achieve resolution of her problem. As these measures had not been successful in this instance we could agree a short course of oral antibiotics would be an appropriate treatment plan. As I had access to Sues health record I could see that she had been prescribed trimethoprin previously. Sue confirmed that she had no side effects from this medication and that she was willing to take it. As there were no contraindications for  prescribing trimethoprin for this patient I issued her with a prescription for 1 x 200mg tablet, twice a day for three days. This is in line with prodigy guidance and local prescribing policy. As this was the treatment plan Sue had originally requested I was confident of concordance. I discussed with Sue some steps she could take to try and prevent reoccurrence of infection. These includes toilet hygiene (front to back wiping), post-coital micturation, regular voiding and reiterated early symptom self help measures with increased fluid intake and OTC cystitis remedies. I also provided Sue with a printed Patient Information Leaflet about self help measure for women with cystitis. I advised Sue that she should find her symptoms improving within the next 24 hours and asked to return to either the practice or the NHS Walk in Centre (depending on hours of opening) if she had no improvement in 48 hours or if her symptoms changed and she became feverish or pain increased. I explained that these could be signs that the infection was moving up towards her kidneys and that this would require urgent review. I explained that I had given her an antibiotic which would work for the majority of infections but that on some occasions is not effective and a different antibiotic is necessary. I provided her with this information so that she could make sense of any change in symptoms and would be more likely to present earlier for a consultation with a health care professional if there was treatment failure. Reflection in and on practiceI felt that this was a satisfactory consultation for both the patient and me. It began with the patient stating that she thought she knew what was wrong with her and what action needed to be taken to resolve the problem. By listening to the patient’s story I was able to make an analysis of her responses and to think of a number of multiple hypotheses. Proceeding with focused inquiry and utilizing clinical examination skills enabled me to discount some of these hypotheses, and by using structure, reminded me of hypotheses I had originally forgotten to include. I was able to facilitate an unexpected health intervention when the patient and carry out  opportunistic smear testing. Following on from this I was able to reach a diagnostic decision and make therapeutic interventions. Throughout I was communicating with the patient, offering education and involving her in her care which should translate to better concordance with treatment plans and improved patient satisfaction with the consultation. This consultation took me 18 minutes to conclude and although I feel that I covered a wide range of potential hypotheses concerning the initial complaint and responded effectively to the patients concerns, I did feel time pressured. On reflection I need to be able to balance the quality of the consultation with the quantity of patients requiring attention during a session. I could have asked Sue to book another appointment for a smear test which would have enabled me to manage my time better but at the expense of patient distress and an incomplete patient episode. It has been my experience to be critisised by my medical colleuges about the time taken for consultations and they are in fact able to move patients through the surgery quicker than I can. Although this is a recurrent problem I believe that the most prevalent reason for this is that in using this model of consultation the practitioner addresses a wider range of potential hypotheses and that these can lead on to other health issues which then need addressing as demonstrated above. When I discussed this with my GP mentor he said that he would have probably tested her urine first and as it was positive for infection, prescribe an antibiotic after enquiring about her risk of pregnancy and not have addressed any other history at that stage. If he had wanted further testing, he would have asked her to make a nurse appointment. It would be interesting to see which approach is preferred by the patient and most satisfactory for the clinician. ConclusionThis case study looked at a consultation where a patient presented with possible cystitis and requested antibiotics. After following a structured consultation and diagnostic style I was able to reach agreement with the patient and to provide a prescription for antibiotics. This was a satisfactory conclusion for both the patient and me. I was also able to  address a secondary health enquiry and opportunistically provide a smear test which was of additional benefit for the patient and the practice, as auditing will show this patient to now have had a smear test which has positive financial implications for the practice.

Brief Overview of Play Therapy - 2482 Words

A Brief Overview of Play Therapy Rebecca Maxwell March 28, 2011 Abstract From Piaget, we gain an understanding of the symbolism in child’s play. Play is central to the development of a child and can also teach us a great deal about their thoughts, feelings and experiences that they are not developmentally able to verbalize. With its foundations in psychoanalysis, play therapy stems from the work of Herminie von Hug-Hellmuth of Vienna. Along with her contemporaries, Hug-Hellmuth began developing the basis for play therapy as she engaged troubled children in talk and play. Even though there are now many theoretical perspectives for play therapy, there several main assumptions about children that span the varied approaches: children†¦show more content†¦With roots in the psychoanalytic framework, play therapy has gone in several different directions, but with similar assumptions about children. Even though there are many theoretical bases from which to approach play therapy, there are still some basic constructs from which play therapy operat es. According to Landreth (2002), there are ten tenets for relating with children: 1. Children are not miniature adults, and the therapist does not respond as if they are. 2. Children are people, capable of experiencing deep emotional pain and joy. 3. Children are unique and worthy of respect. The therapists prizes the uniqueness and respects the person the child is. 4. Children are resilient; they possess a tremendous capacity to overcome obstacles. 5. Children have an inherent tendency toward growth and maturity. 6. Children are capable of positive self-direction. 7. Children’s natural language is play, and this is a medium of self-expression with which they are most comfortable. 8. Children have a right to remain silent. 9. Children will take the therapeutic relationship where they need to be. 10. Children’s growth cannot be sped up. 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